Menu 

Shakespeare. Комментарии к сонету 32

 

IF thou suruiue my well contented daie,
When that churle death my bones with dust shall couer
And shalt by fortune once more re-suruay:
These poore rude lines of thy deceased Louer:
Compare them with the bett’ring of the time,
And though they be out-stript by euery pen,
Reserue them for my loue,not for their rime,
Exceeded by the hight of happier men.
Oh then voutsafe me but this louing thought,
Had my friends Muse growne with this growing age,
A dearer birth then this his loue had brought
To march in ranckes of better equipage:
   But since he died and Poets better proue,
   Theirs for their stile ile read,his for his loue.

If thou survive my well contented day,
When that churl death my bones with dust shall cover,
And shalt by fortune once more re-survey
These poor rude lines of thy deceasèd Lover,
Compare them with the bett’ring of the time,
And though they be out-stripped by every pen,
Reserve them for my love, not for their rhyme,
Exceeded by the height of happier men.
 O then vouchsafe me but this loving thought:
 “Had my friend’s Muse grown with this growing age,
 A dearer birth than this his love had brought
 To march in ranks of better equipage;
    But since he died and Poets better prove,
    Theirs for their style I’ll read, his for his love.

♦♦†† Продолжение сонета 31.

 Любовь Поэта духовна – поэтому вечна, пока живет его слово, и одинаково направлена на всех – и ушедших уже из телесной жизни в вечность (30-31), и еще живущих (32).

1 well-contented – 1. досл. ‘хорошо наполненный, содержательный’; 2. довольный, удовлетворенный

   my … day = время моей жизни. По аналогии, один день вечной Жизни = одна человеческая (преходящая) жизнь (ДК к 18.12).

3 Q-1609: suruayЭтот вариант написания слова suruey (= ‘обзор’, n.; ‘осматривать, просматривать’, v.) в елизаветинской литературе встречается редко; в шекспировских произведениях – и того реже (по одному разу в LLL-1593 [Q-1598], TA1594, MV-1598 и трижды – в сонетах 32.3, 52.3, 100.9, относящихся к тем же 1590-м годам).

4 These poor rude lines of thy … Lover = 11 this.  См. this в 18.14. ДК
     thy Lover – ‘Любящий тебя’: см. ДК к 31.10

5 the bettring of the time = the poetry which is making the time better

• 1 daie ≈ re-suruay • 10 age ≈ equipage • 13 proue ≈ loue • ГК

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ

4 These poor rude lines of thy Lover = 11 this.

Этот сонет мог служить неформальным посвящением близкому другу (thou, thy Lover) какого-то бóльшего стихотворного (their rhyme, 7; this, 11) произведения, только что написанного – например, рукописной копии комедии “Бесплодные усилия любви” (LLL). Но мог он быть и авторской дарственной надписью к экземпляру уже напечатанной поэмы “Венера и Адонис” (июнь 1593). На предположение, что «этим» – «дорогим порождением» (this, dear birth, 11), к которому прикладывается данный сонет как дарственная надпись, – могла быть именно “Венера и Адонис” в ее печатном виде, наводит фраза из строки 3: «once more re-survay», которая в узком контексте сонета является ярко выраженной тавтологией (once more = re-), зато довольно содержательно вписывается в контекст напечатанного официального посвящения этой поэмы двадцатилетнему графу Саутгемптону:  

TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE
Henrie VVriothesley, Earle of Southampton,
and baron of Titchfield

Right Honourable, I [thy Louer, 4] know not how I shall offend in dedicating my vnpolisht lines [these poor rude lines, 4] to your Lordship, nor how the worlde vvill censure mee for choosing so strong a proppe to support so vveake a burthen, onelye if your Honour seeme but pleased, I account my selfe highly praised, and vowе to take aduantage of all idle houres, till I haue honoured you vvith some grauer labour [a dearer birth then this, 11]. But if the first heire of my inuention [this, 11] proue deformed [5-6, 13], I shall be sorie it had so noble a god-father : and neuer after eare so barren a land, for feare it yeeld me still so bad a haruest, I leaue it to your Honourable suruey [if thoushalt by fortune once more resuruay, 1-3], and your Honor to your hearts content [my well contented day, 1] vvhich I wish may alvvaies ansvvere your ovvne vvish, and the vvorlds hopefull expectation.
                                                                                                                    Your Honors in all dutie,
                                                                                                                      William Shakespeare.

♣ Илл. 1. Посвящение графу Саутгемптону “первенца” поэтической фантазии нового поэта Вильяма Шекспира.

Разницу в обращении к графу в официальном посвящении (вы) и в неофициальном сонете (ты) объяснить просто. Труднее объяснить обращающий на себя внимание способ написания этого посвящения ‘Вильяма Шекспира’ (впервые появившегося на поэтической арене) через разъединенную букву w vv (см. илл. 1 и факсимиле изд. 1593). Так же выглядят последнее предложение или последний абзац некоторых предисловий к иным книгам, – например, в предисловии Томаса Лоджа к его Розалинде (1590: илл. 3), или Томаса Нэша – к сборнику стихов Астрофил и Стелла Филиппа Сидни (1591: илл. 2), или того же Т. Нэша – к собственному памфлету Ужасы Ночи (1593/4: илл. 4).

Astrophel_Nashe's Preface

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

♣ Илл. 2. Конец предисловия Томаса Нэша к сборнику стихов Астрофил и Стелла Филиппа Сидни (сентябрь 1591). Стихи эти уже некоторое время ходили в рукописных списках. Первое издание было конфисковано и вскоре в том же году вышло второе, с солидными изменениями, – очевидно, что в печать этот сборник попал без согласия родственников Ф.Сидни и других напечатанных там же поэтов (напр., С.Даниэла). Для предисловий Томаса Нэша и Фрэнсиса Флауэра места в новом издании не нашлось вообще.

 

 

  ♣ Илл. 3. Конец обращения Томаса Лоджа “К читателям-джентльменам” перед текстом повести “Розалинда” (1590):

                      To the  Gentlemen Readers.

… Аnd yet I will be yours in duetie, if you bee mine in fauour. But if Momus or anie squint-eied asse that hath mightie eares to conceiue with Midas, and yet little reason to iudge; if hee come aboord our Barke to find fault with the tackling, when he knows not the shrowdes, Ile downe into the hold, and fetch out a rustie pollax, that sawe no sunne this seauen yeare, and either well be bast him, or heaue the cockscombe ouer boord to feede cods. But courteous Gentlemen that fauour most, backbite none, & pardon what is ouerslipt, let such come & vvelcome, Ile  into the Stevvards roome, & fetch them a kan of our best beuradge. VVell Gentlemen, you haue Euphues Legacie. I fetcht it as farre as the Ilands of Terceras, and therefore read it; censure vvith fauour, and farevvell.

Yours T.L.

(Rosalynde. Euphues golden legacie: found after his death in his Cell at Silexedra. Bequeathed to Philautus sonnes noursed vp with their father in England. Fetcht from the Canaries. By T.L. Gent. [Знак печатника с надписью: ‘By Peace Plenty, by Wisdom Peace’.] London. Imprinted by Thomas Orwin for T.G. and John Busbie. 1590. – Sig. A4)

                   To the  Gentlemen Readers.

… Аnd yet I will be yours in duty, if you be mine in favour. But if Momus or any squint-eyed ass that hath mighty ears to conceive with Midas, and yet little reason to judge; if he come aboard our Bark to find fault with the tackling, when he knows not the shrouds, I’ll down into the hold, and fetch out a rusty pollax, that saw no sun this seven year, and either well be bast him, or heave the cockscomb over board to feed cods. But courteous Gentlemen that favour most, backbite none, & pardon what is over-slipped, let such come & vvelcome, I’ll into the Stevvard’s room, & fetch them a can of our best beverage. VVell, Gentlemen, you have Euphues’ Legacy. I fetched it as far as the Islands of Terceras, and therefore read it; censure vvith favour, and farevvell.

 Yours T.L.

(Rosalynde. Euphues’ golden legacy: found after his death in his Cell at Silexedra. Bequeathed to Philautus’ sons nursed up with their father in England. Fetched from the Canaries. By T.L. Gent.

 

♣ Илл. 4. Обращение Томаса Нэша “К Господину-Сударю Читателю, рассеянному по всему Востоку-Западу”
(
The Terrors of the Night, 1594):

To Master or Goodman Reader, generally dispersed East or West.

Gentlemen (according to the laudable custome) I am to court you with a few premisses considered: but a number of you there bee, who consider neither premisses nor conclusion, but piteouslie torment Title pages on euerie poast: neuer reading farther of anie Booke, than Imprinted by Simeon such a signe, and yet with your dudgen iudgements will desperatelie presume to run vp to the hard hilts through the whole bulke of it.  Martin Momus, and splatefooted Zoylus that in the eight and sixt age of Poetry, and first yere of the reigne of Tarltons tois kept a foul stir in Poules Church-yard, are now reuiued againe: and like wanton Whelpes that haue wormes in their tungs, slauer  and betouse euerie paper they meete withall. Yea, if they chance but on a moate or a wind bladder, they neuer haue done with it till they haue cleane bandied and tost it out of sight. For my part, I wish that may be both out of their sight and out of their minde too: and if their winy wits must needs be working, that they would rather be Tailors to make, than botchers or coblers to amend or to marre. Come, come, I know their dull tricks wel inough, you shal haue them lie in child bed one and thirtie weeks and еight daies of three bad lines and a halfe, & afterward spend a vvhole tvvelue month in spunging & sprucing them, honest thriftie Peter Littleton discharging their commons all the vvhile: but such poore fellovves as I, that cannot put out money to be paid againe vvhen vvee come from Constantinople, either must haue our vvork dispatcht by the vveeks end, or else vve may go to beg: and yet I will not beg of them neither go the vvorld neuer so hard, no not so much as a good word: but if in vvord or deed I hear that they vvrong me, Ile meet them right if I can. And so I leaue them to stop mustard pots with my leaues if they will, or to their owne will vvhatsoeuer.                               Thomas Nashe.

To Master or Goodman Reader, generally dispersed East or West.

Gentlemen (according to the laudable custom) I am to court you with a few premises considered: but a number of you there be, who consider neither premises nor conclusion, but piteously torment Title pages on every post: never reading farther of any Book, than Imprinted by Simeon such a sign, and yet with your dudgeon judgments will desperately presume to run up to the hard hilts through the whole bulk of it.  Martin Momus, and splat-footed Zoilus that in the eight and sixth age of Poetry, and first year of the reign of Tarlton’s toys kept a foul stir in Paul’s Churchyard, are now revived again: and like wanton Whelps that have worms in their tongues, slaver and betoss every paper they meet withal. Yea, if they chance but on a mote or a wind bladder, they never have done with it till they have clean bandied and tossed it out of sight. For my part, I wish that may be both out of their sight and out of their mind too: and if their winy wits must needs be working, that they would rather be Tailors to make, than butchers or cobblers to amend or to mar. Come, come, I know their dull tricks well enough, you shall have them lie in child bed one and thirty weeks and еight days of three bad lines and a half, & afterward spend a vvhole tvvelve month in sponging & sprucing them, honest thrifty Peter Littleton discharging their commons all the vvhile: but such poor fellovvs as I, that cannot put out money to be paid again vvhen vve come from Constantinople, either must have our vvork dispatched by the vveek’s end, or else vve may go to beg: and yet I will not beg of them neither go the vvorld never so hard, no not so much as a good word: but if in vvord or deed I hear that they vvrong me, I’ll meet them right if I can. And so I leave them to stop mustard pots with my leaves if they will, or to their own will vvhatsoever.                                        Thomas Nashe.

Ярко выраженный стиль мышления во всех трёх предисловиях настолько похож, а способ и место употребления ‘vv’ у них настолько смахивает на ‘печатную подпись’ (‘буквенную печать’) автора, что можно предположить: автор текстов в иллюстрациях 2, 3 и 4 один – Томас Нэш. Потенциальные критики, ‘Мартин Мом’ и ‘плоскостопий Зоил’, против которых  Нэш выступает в обращении к читателю “Ужасов Ночи”, – это его постоянные, от 1589 года, литературные враги – Ричард и Габриель Харви. Именно Г. Харви (1593) обозвал Нэша ‘обезьяной’ Роберта Грина – ‘обезьяны’ Джона Лили, а Лили (автор “Эвфуэса” – ср. подзаголовок “Розалинды”) в своем антимартиновском (также антихарвиевском) памфлете Pappe with a Hatchet (1589) так и подписался, вместо имени: ‘Double V’.

Кроме того, когда осенью 1592 года Харви впервые поднял литературный скандал против Грина и Нэша и поползли слухи, что предсмертный опус Грина в действительности написал Нэш, тот резко отверг этот навет, но в то же время горько пожалел, что «играл в Печати роль глупца»:

Other news I am aduertised of, that a scald triuial lying pamphlet, cald Greens groatsworth of wit is giuen out to be of my doing. God neuer haue care of my soule, but vtterly renou[n]ce me, if the least word or sillable in it proceeded from my pen, or if I were any way priuie to the writing or printing of it. I am growne at length to see into the vanity of the world more than euer I did, and now I condemne my selfe for nothing so much, as playing the dolt in Print.

Thomas Nash, “A priuate Epistle of the Author to the Printer”, in: Pierce Penilesse, his Svpplication to the Diuell (1592, 2nd ed.)

Еще одну новость мне сообщили, что некий паршивый, лживый памфлет, называемый Greens groatsworth of wit, выдают как мой. Да отрекись от меня Господь, от попечения души моей, если хотя бы словечко или слог какой попал туда с моего пера, или если я каким-либо образом был причастен к написанию или печатанию его. Я уже вырос настолько, чтобы уметь разбираться в мирском тщеславии, и теперь ни за что так себя не корю, как за то, что играл в Печати роль глупца.

Томас Нэш, “Частное письмо Автора к Печатнику” (Пирс Бессребреник, его Прошение к Дьяволу, 1592, 2- изд.)

На фоне этой информации вполне возможным кажется, что (как в случае “Розалинды” или “Астрофила и Стеллы”) рукопись “Венеры и Адониса” пошла в печать, минуя ее Автора. В регистрационной записи от 18 апреля 1593 г. не указаны имена ни автора, ни издателя – только имя печатника (Ричард Филд, земляк В. Шекспира); то же – на титульной обложке первого издания поэмы. Виньетка типа АА (Аlbuster, лат. ‘белое+черное’: одна из эмблемных формул Любви) на странице с посвящением и подписью ‘Вильям Шекспир’

A-A_VA

является как бы шуточной версией (или пародией) виньетки, впервые появившейся как заставка перед текстом “Розалинды”: 

A-A_Rosalinde 1590

Стиль посвящения графу Саутгемптону в “Венере и Адонисе” не похож на серьёзный стиль Нэша в его собственном посвящении этому же графу (илл. 5), –  но vv-стиль «глупца в Печати» мог скопировать и кто-то другой. Например, его закоренелый враг и тоже мистификатор – Габриель Харви. Тогда становится прозрачнее загадочное имя Shakerley, в самом начале 1593 г. введенное Нэшем в его полемику с Габриелем Харви как прозвище для его брата Ричарда, но осенью 1593 г. парированное Габриелем обратно. Становятся яснее и причины пародирования обоих в комедии “Бесплодные усилия любви”, первый вариант которой был написан к концу 1593 г.*

* См. мою статью о месте этой комедии в полемике Харви-Нэша: «Or such poets: or better: or none».

* См. также, во втором издании LLL (Q-1598, 1.1[230-74]), первое из двух писем дона Армадо (пародия на Г.Харви): на сцене это письмо появляется вместе с Костардом (пародия на Т.Нэша) и является доносом на него, но конец письма ‘подписан’ по-нэшевски – через ‘vv’. В третьем (втором дошедшем до нас) издании LLL, F-1623,  это письмо демонстративно убрано из текста.

♣ Илл. 5. Посвящение Томаса Нэша графу Саутгемптону первого издания повести The Vnfortvnate Traveller or The Life of Jacke Wilton (осень 1594), написанное после выхода в свет второй шекспировской поэмы, “Лукреция” (лето 1594, с посвящением В.Шекспира этому же графу). Ср. ДК к 26.3-4:

To the right Honorable Lord Henrie Wriothsley,
Earle of South-hampton,and Baron
of Tichfeeld.

 INgenuous honorable Lord, I know not what blinde custome methodicall antiquity hath thrust vpon vs, to dedicate such books as we publish, to one great man or other ; In which respect, least anie man should challenge these my papers as goods vncustomd, and so extend vppon them as forfeite to contempt, to the seale of your excellent censure loe here I present them to bee seene  and allowed. Prize them as high or as low as you list :  if you set anie price on them, I hold my labor well satisfide.

LOng haue I desired to approoue my wit vnto you. My reuerent duetifull thoughts (euen from their infancie) haue been retayners to your glorie. Now at last I haue enforst an opportunitie to plead my denoted minde. All that in this phantasticall Treatise I can promise, is some reasonable conueyance of historic, & varietie of mirth. By diuers of my good frends haue I been dealt with to employ my dul pen in this kinde, it being a cleane different vaine from other my former courses of writing. How wel or ill I haue done in it, I am ignorant : (the eye that sees round about it selfe, sees not into it selfe) : only your Honours applauding encouragement hath power to make mee arrogant. Incomprehensible is the heigth of your spirit both in heroical resolution and matters of conceit. Vnrepriueably perisheth that booke whatsoeuer to wast paper, which on the diamond rocke of your iudgement disasterly chanceth to be ship-wrackt. A dere louer and cherisher you are, as well of the louers of Poets, as of Poets themselues. Amongst theirsacred number I dare not ascribe my selfe, though now and then I speak English : that smal braine I haue, to no further vse I conuert, saue to be kinde to my frends, and fatall to my enemies. A new brain, a new wit, a new stile, a new soule will I get mee, to canonize your name to posteritie, if in this my first attempt I be not taxed of presumption. Of your gracious fauor I despaire not, for I am not altogether Fames out-cast. This handfull of leaues I offer to your view, to the leaues on trees I compare, which as they cannot grow of themselues except they haue some branches or boughes to cleaue too, & with whose iuice and sap they be euermore recreated & nourisht : so except these vnpolisht leaues of mine haue some braunch of Nobilitie whereon to depend and cleaue, and with the vigorous nutriment of whose authorized commendation they may be continually fosterd and refresht, neuer wil they grow to the worlds good liking, but forthwith fade and die on the first houre of their birth. Your Lordship is the large spreading branch of renown, from whence these my idle leaues seeke to deriue their whole nourishing : it resteth you either scornfully shake them off, as worm-eaten & worthles, or in pity preserue them and cherish them, for some litle summer frute you hope to finde amongst them.

 Your Honors in all humble seruice :

Tho : Nashe.

To the right Honourable Lord Henry Wriothesley,
Earl of Southampton, and Baron
of Tichfield.

Ingеnuous honourable Lord, I know not what blind custom methodical antiquity hath thrust upon us, to dedicate such books as we publish, to one great man or other; In which respect, least any man should challenge these my papers as goods uncustomed, and so extend upon them as forfeit to contempt, to the seal of your excellent censure, lo, here I present them to be seen and allowed. Prize them as high or as low as you list : if you set any price on them, I hold my labour well satisfied.

Long have I desired to approve my wit unto you. My reverent dutiful thoughts (even from their infancy) have been retainers to your glory. Now at last I have enforced an opportunity to plead my denoted mind. All that in this fantastical Treatise I can promise, is some reasonable conveyance of historic, & variety of mirth. By divers of my good friends have I been dealt with to employ my dull pen in this kind, it being a clean different vein from other my former courses of writing. How well or ill I have done in it, I am ignorant: (the eye that sees round about itself, sees not into itself): only your Honour’s applauding encouragement hath power to make me arrogant. Incomprehensible is the height of your spirit both in heroical resolution and matters of conceit. Unreprievably perisheth that book whatsoever to waste paper, which on the diamond rock of your judgement disasterly chanceth to be shipwracked. A dear lover and cherisher you are, as well of the lovers of Poets, as of Poets themselves. Amongst their sacred number I dare not ascribe myself, though now and then I speak English: that small brain I have, to no further use I convert, save to be kind to my friends, and fatal to my enemies. A new brain, a new wit, a new style, a new soul will I get me, to canonize your name to posterity, if in this my first attempt I be not taxed of presumption. Of your gracious favour I despair not, for I am not altogether Fame’s outcast. This handful of leaves I offer to your view, to the leaves on trees I compare, which as they cannot grow of themselves except they have some branches or boughs to cleave too, & with whose juice and sap they be evermore recreated & nourished: so except these unpolished leaves of mine have some branch of Nobility whereon to depend and cleave, and with the vigorous nutriment of whose authorized commendation they may be continually fostered and refreshed, never will they grow to the world’s good liking, but forthwith fade and die on the first hour of their birth. Your Lordship is the large spreading branch of renown, from whence these my idle leaves seek to derive their whole nourishing: it resteth you either scornfully shake them off, as worm-eaten & worthless, or in pity preserve them and cherish them, for some little summer fruit you hope to find amongst them.

Your Honour’s in all humble service :

Tho : Nashe.